Human Rights

gvbevwaKvi I mykvmb : evsjv‡`k †cÖw²Z

 

 



Dbœqb wPš—vi nvZ a‡i gvbevwaKvi I mykvm‡bi g‡Zv welq evsjv‡`k †cÖw²‡Z fvebvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e µ‡g ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q| Dbœq‡bi bvbvb welq-Avkq wb‡q ¯^vaxbZv c~e©Kvj †_‡KB cixv-wbixv Avgiv GB f~L‡Ê msNwUZ n‡Z †`‡LwQ| 1858 mv‡j wqÂz gyNj kvm‡bi AvbyôvwbK Aemvb Ges weªwUkiv‡Ri AwfhvÎv AvB‡bi kvm‡bi aviYv‡K bZzb gvÎv cÖ`vb K‡i| µ‡g ivR¯^ Av`q Ges `y‡ói `gb I wk‡ói cvjb bxwZi gv‡S ¯’vb K‡i †bq RbKj¨v‡Yi aviYv|
lv‡Ui `k‡i cwj­ Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡Póv, mËi `k‡Ki ÎvY I cyb©evmb, Avwki `k‡Ki GbwRI AwfhvÎv bZzb bZzb w`M‡š—i D‡¤§vPb NUvq Dbœqb wPš—vi RM‡Z| miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi mgwš^Z cÖqvm wKsev GbwRI `vZv †Mvôxi Drmv‡n m‡PZbvqb, gZvq‡bi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv aviYv wn‡m‡e cy‡iv‡bv n‡Z bv n‡ZB gvbevwaKvi I mykvm‡bi ZvwM` D”PwKZ n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j ÒAvgvi †fvU Avwg †`‡ev/hv‡K Lywk Zv‡K †`‡evÓ- GB †¯­vMv‡bi cvkvcvwk ÒAvgvi †fvU Avwg †`‡ev/†`‡L ï‡b ey‡S †`‡evÓ †¯­vMvbwU Pvjy n‡q hvq|
mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK, mykvwmZ nevi AwaKvi gvbevwaKv‡iiB Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| gvbevwaKv‡ii me©Rbxb †NvlYvcÎ GB mv¨B cÖ`vb K‡i|
AvwfavwbK A‡_© gvbevwaKvi ej‡Z gvbeRvwZi b¨vh¨ AwaKvi‡KB †evSvq| 1789 mv‡j †NvwlZ ¯^vaxbZv, mgZv I mve©RbxbZvi divmx aviYv gvbevwaKvi welqwU‡K gwngvwš^Z K‡i †Zv‡j| 1869 mv‡ji Bswjk wej Ad ivBUm Ges 1875 mv‡j M„nxZ gvwK©b wej Ad ivBUm †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvi GK GKwU gvBj djK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| 26 Ryb 1945 mv‡j ¯^vwiZ RvwZmsN mb` Av‡iKwU eo avc ˆe Ab¨ wKQy bq| mb‡`i 55 I 56 Aby‡”Q‡`i gva¨‡g m`m¨ ivóªmg~n cÖwZÁv K‡i‡Q †h GKK wKsev †hŠ_fv‡e Zviv gvbevwaKvi mgybœZ ivLvi cÖqvm Ae¨vnZ ivL‡e|
10 wW‡m¤^i 1948 ZvwiL RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil` 2174 Gi (3) bs wm×v‡š—i gva¨‡g gvbevwaKv‡ii me©Rbxb †NvlYv MÖnY I Rvwi K‡i| 4 b‡f¤^i 1972-G cÖYxZ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi msweav‡b RvwZmsN †NvwlZ mb‡`i cÖwZaŸwb Avgiv Lyu‡R cvB|
Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 91-G ‡Nvlbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj gZvi gvwjK RbMY| Aby‡”Q` 27-G ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mKj bvMwiK AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb Ges mgvb Avkªq jv‡fi AwaKvix| Aby‡”Q` 28 (1)- G ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ ivóª¨ ˆelg¨ cÖ`k©b Ki‡e bv| Aby‡”Q` 39(1) G wPš—v I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Aby‡”Q` (2) K Ges L Gi gva¨‡g evK ¯^vaxbZv Ges msev`‡‡Îi ¯^vaxbZvi wbðqZv †`qv n‡q‡Q| Aby‡”Q` 41-G ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Aby‡”Q` 21-G miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk mKj bvMwi‡Ki `vq`vwq‡Z¡i m¤ú‡K©I m‡PZb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvsweavwbK wbðqZv m‡Ë¡I A¨v‡g‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbv‡ji g‡Zv L¨vZbvgv gvbewaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi g‡Z cÖvwZôvwbK `ye©jZv, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv wKsev AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’vmg~‡ni Awbqwš¿Z Kvh©Kjvc gvbevwaKvi †‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯—eZv wn‡me wPwýZ| 4 gvP© 2002 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ gvwK©b miKv‡ii gvbevwaKvi cÖwZ‡e`‡b mswnsmZv‡K ivR‰bwZK A½‡b KwVK ev¯—eZv wn‡m‡e wPÎvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1923 mv‡j cÖYxZ miKvwi †MvcbxqZv AvBb Kg©KZ©v‡`i Rb evQvB cÖwµqv †_‡K gy³ ivL‡Q| d‡j miKv‡ii mKj ch©v‡qi ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| 2000 mv‡j RvwiK…Z ÔRbwbivcËv AvBbÕ AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’vmg~n‡K gZv Ace¨env‡ii AwaKZi †ewk my‡hvM G‡b w`‡q‡Q| †Lqvj-Lywkg‡Zv AvUK Kievi NUbv, Aš—a©vb, AvUK Ae¯’vq AZ¨vPvi I wbôziZv cÖ`k©b, myôz wePv‡ii AwbðqZv, e¨w³MZ, †MvcbxqZvq n¯—‡c, evK ¯^vaxbZvq bvK Mjv‡bv, kvwš—c~Y© mAv mgv‡e‡k evav `vb BZ¨vw` NUbv gvwK©b cÖwZ‡e`‡bi we‡klfv‡e ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| ZvQvov we‡kl gZv AvBb Ges 54 avivi hÎZÎ cÖ‡qvM I e¨envi gvwK©b bRi Govqwb|
Aek¨ gvwK©b mgv‡jvPbv miKvi cy‡ivcywi MÖnY K‡iwb| Z‡e miKvi gvbevwaKvi welqK GbwRI¸‡jv‡K KvR Kievi my‡hvM w`‡q‡Q| mgq mgq miKvi gvbevwKvi msMVbmg~‡ni mv‡_ civgk© K‡i Lmov AvBb cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| Rvbyqvwi 2000 mv‡j M„nxZ bvix I wkï wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva AvBb hvi cÖK…ó D`vniY| ZvQvov gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi c †_‡K gvwë †m±ivj cÖKí nv‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q bvix Drcxob †ivaK‡í| AvBb, wePvi I msm` gš¿Yvjq M‡o Zzj‡Q Bbw÷wUDkbv †W‡fjc‡g›U Ad wnDg¨vb ivBUm cÖKí| fwel¨‡Z hv wKbv RvZxq gvbevwaKvi Kwgk‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| 2001 mv‡ji AvBb I wePvi welqK mgZv e„w× cÖKíI Av‡iKwU BwZevPK c`‡c| eZ©gvb miKvi gZvq Avmvi ci GwmW wbqš¿Y AvBb 2002 Ges GwmW Aciva `gb AvBb 2002 cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| `ª“Z wePvi AvBb 2002 cvm K‡i‡Q| mywePvi cvevi †‡Î wePvi cvevi AwaKvi wbðZKiY I `xN©m~ÎZv Kgv‡bv `y‡UvB Ri“wi| G‡Î GB AvBb¸‡jv we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡e GUv Avkv Kiv hvq|
miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk GbwRImg~n †hgb- evsjv‡`k gvbevwaKvi mgš^q cwil`, evsjv‡`k gvbevwaKvi ev¯—evqb ms¯’v, AwaKvi, e­v÷, AvBb I mvwjk †K›`ª, evsjv‡`k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZ cÖf„wZ ms¯’v `vZv‡Mvôxi mvnvh¨ wb‡q gvbevwaKv‡ii AMÖ‰mwb‡Ki f~wgKvq iZ| gvbevwaKvi GbwRI¸‡jv AvBwb mnvqZv, A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm, M‡elYv BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g wbiš—i KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q| bvix wbh©vZb, †hŠZz‡Ki g‡Zv welq wb‡q KvR ïi“ Ki‡jI gvbevwaKvi cwiw¯’wZ ch©‡eYI GbwRI¸‡jvi g~j Kg© ZvwjKvq D‡V G‡m‡Q|
GbwRI †m±‡ii g‡Zv wgwWqv RMZI h‡_ó Kg© PÂjZvi ¯^vi †i‡L‡Q| gy`ªY gva¨‡gi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi B‡jKUªwbK gva¨gmg~n gvevwaKvi I mykvmb wbwðZKi‡Yi AZ¨›`ªcÖnix wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
P~ovš— g~‡j¨ evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k gvbevwaKvi mgybœZ ivL‡Z n‡j mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv Ri“wi| Avi mykvmb ïaygvÎ mgvbZ A‡_© iv‡óªi AvbyôvwbK A½ cÖwZôvb A_©vr AvBb, wePvi I kvmb wefvM Øviv AvR‡Ki `ywbqvq wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| cÖ‡qvRb IB cÖPwjZ Îqx cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cvkvcvwk †emiKwi †Î, ¯’vbxq miKvi I mykxj mgvR‡K ewjô f~wgKv cvj‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv| Avi Zvn‡jI Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv, Kg©`Zv, gZvqb, Rb AskMÖnY, mgZv I b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e|
Avi G j‡¨ mgv‡R hviv †bZ…Z¡ w`‡”Qb Zv‡`i n‡Z n‡e AZxZ Avkªqxi ¯’‡j fwfl¨rgyLx, bxwZi †²‡Î cÖ‡qvRb n‡e avivevwnKZv ivi Avi miKv‡ii n‡Z n‡e ms‡e`bkxj I `vwqZ¡evb& AvBb‡i kvm‡bi cÖvwZôvbxKiY Acwinvh© mykvm‡bi wbqvgK wn‡m‡e& Avi ZvB Dbœqb †KŠkj kvwYZ Kievi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRnb n‡e mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK I A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbv‡K †X‡j mvRv‡bv|
Avi G KvRwU miKv‡ii wKsev kvmb wefv‡Mi GKvi c‡ m¤¢e bq| cÖ‡qvRb †emiKvwi †Î Ges mykxj mgv‡Ri Av¸qvb f~wygKviI| Z‡e mykvmb welqK †h †Kvbv ms¯‹vi cwiKíbv ev¯—evq‡bi †‡Î Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi PvwiÎ I cÖK…wZ| ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZi we‡ePbvq hv wKbv †Kvgj cÖK…wZi|
GKKfv‡e Af¨š—wiY wbqvgK¸‡j‡K we‡ePbvq †i‡L mykvmb wbwðZKiY Ges †mB j‡¨ bZzb mvgvwRK Pzw³‡Z DcbxZ nIqv m¤¢e bq| ivóª †PŠnwÏi evB‡i wµqvkxj Avš—R©vwZK Dbœqb wbqvgK¸‡jvi f~wgKvI cwic~Y©fv‡e Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e|
mv`v Kv‡jv we‡k­lY D™¢~Z Kg©cwiKíbv ev¯—evq‡bi AMÖnmi bv n‡q RwUj Aeq‡ei cUf~wgwU gv_vq †i‡L ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qv wb‡q gvbevwaKvi I mykvmb welqK Kg©cwiKíbv ev¯—evq‡b AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e&
‡K›`ªxq AvBb, wePvi I kvmb wefv‡Mi cvkvcvwk ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v-‡nvK Zv kû‡i wKsev MÖvgxY-mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© we‡K›`ªxf~Z I ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖK…wZi nIqvi evÂbxq| G‡²‡Î Af¨š—ixY ivR¯^ m„R‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bviKg Qvo †`qv Pj‡e bv|
A_©bxwZ cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e e¨emvag©x Kvq`vq| †Kw›`ªq cwiKíbvi cvkvcvwk ¯’vbxq ch©vq wfwËK cwiKíbvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
mykxj mgvR‡K bxwZ evK¨ AvIov‡bvi cÖPwjZ ‡iIqvR cwinvi K‡i AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv Kievi mvnm †`Lv‡Z n‡e| mgv‡Ri Avqbvq wb‡Pi †PnvivwU †`‡L wb‡q AivR‰wbZK, wbi‡c I cwibvg`kx©Zvi cwiPq mcÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e|
cwi‡k‡l GUv ejvB †kªq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKwU we‡`kx wbf©i, gvbe Pwi‡Îi AvRmªZvq GL‡bv cy‡ivcywi wek¦vmnb, `vwi‡`ª¨i KlvNv‡Z RR©wiZ, cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡M evievi wech©¯— †`‡k gvbevwaKvi I mykvm‡bi g‡Zv G‡RÛv ms¯’vcb Acwinvh© n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| wewfbœ Dbœqb kwi‡Ki GKK wµqvkxjZv I †hŠ_ mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g gvbevwaKvi I mykvm‡bi †‡Î bZzb bZzb gvÎv hy³ nIqvUv ZvB AvR mg‡qi `vwe|
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